One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial temperature conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal temperature of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three temperature conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical PROPERTIES of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical PROPERTIES of the specimens increase with increasing initial temperature in the short term, while such PROPERTIES significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial temperature. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial temperature.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric PROPERTIES of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the "How I Think" questionnaire to assess cognitive distortions in Iranian students. The present research design is descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of this study included all male high school students in city Dezful in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 316 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and completed the How I think and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaires (for Convergent validity). Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS 20 software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of six factors and has good fit indices. The convergent validity of this questionnaire indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the scale "How I think" with the Aggression Questionnaire (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha and Split- half coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.66 to 0.92.The conclusion is that the Persian version of the "How do I think" questionnaire for measuring cognitive distortions in Iranian students has acceptable psychometric PROPERTIES and can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstand both dynamic and static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures and the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated and by using Plaxis 2D software and based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the SOIL surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight and modulus of elasticity was carried out, and the parameters whose changes have the greatest and least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the SOIL surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the SOIL surrounding tunnel has the most effect and cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..

This research was aimed to investigate the relationship between the distribution of range species including: Astragaluss microcephalus, Bromus tomentellus, Onobrichis cornuta and some SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES. After overlaying the maps of land-use, slope percentage, and geology, and forming the homogenous land units in the Zilber Chay Watershed, 35 SOIL samples were taken by stratified random sampling method. SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES including texture, pH, EC, lime, and organic matter were measured. The SOIL factors related to each of these range species were obtained by overlaying the maps of range species distribution with land unit maps. First, the relationship between the presence of these range species with SOIL factors was investigated using logistic regression method. Then, the vegetation density map was prepared using Landsat satellite images and NDVI index for the land units in which the range vegetation type As. mi-Br. to-On. co was found. The values of area density percentage for the vegetation cover related to the range type As. mi-Br. to-On. co were calculated using area density model. According to the results of paired samples test, there was no significance difference among the measured values at 0-15 and 15-45 cm SOIL depths, except for SOIL acidity and electrical conductivity. The statistical analysis of the relationship between SOIL physiochemical PROPERTIES at 0-15 and 15-45 cm SOIL depths was performed using multiple linear regression method. The determination coefficient of multiple linear regression model was calculated to be 0. 24, 0. 31, 0. 32, 0. 42 and 0. 69, respectively, for the vegetation densities of 30, 50, 65, 85 and 100% at 0-15 cm SOIL depth. In addition, the regression coefficients of SOIL acidity and electrical conductivity were calculated to be 0. 24, 0. 31, 0. 32, 0. 42, and 0. 69, respectively, for the vegetation densities of 30, 50, 65, 85, and 100% at 15-45 cm SOIL depth. This result indicated that the vegetation density of As. mi-Br. to-On. co was affected by the amount of organic matter, pH, and SOIL texture at 0-15 cm SOIL depth in the study area.

SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES are important factors in plant establishment. Therefore, knowing its PROPERTIES can improve the forest management practice for having more forest production. The objective of the present study is to determine the SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES of Tecomella undulata stands in Bushehr province. For this purpose, two sites including Shahnia (2 ha) and Ali-Abad (10 ha) in Bushehr province were selected.20 and 30 SOIL samples were systematically taken from two depths (0-5 and 5-25 cm) using 25´25 and 50´100 meter grids in Shahnia and Ali-Abad, respectively. SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES results revealed that T. undulata prefers sandy and loam- sandy SOILs with neutral pH. Also, this species can tolerate more than 535 ds/m SOIL electrical conductivity in the studied sites. SOIL phosphorus, bulk density and clay are the most important factors effecting the T. undulata distribution. Results of quantitative parameters showed that diameters at breast height in Shahnia are significantly more than Ali-Abad. While no significant difference was observed among tree heights in the studied sites.

In recent years, vast areas of Urmia Lake have dried up and that's why, saline sediments appeared on the surface of the earth, which are very susceptible to erosion. This study was conducted to investigation of wind erosion and its relationship with SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES in eastern land of Urmia Lake. In this research, 96 SOIL samples were collected from an area of 414000 hectares at a depth of 5 cm based on stratified random sampling method. To measure the wind erodibility, the samples were exposed to 5 different wind velocities (9. 5, 11, 12. 5, 14. 1 and 15 m s-1 at the height of 20 cm) in wind tunnel and finally, its relationship with SOIL physicochemical PROPERTIES was investigated. Based on results, SOIL wind erodibility varied within the range of 76. 69-9. 98, and with a mean of 10. 21 and a coefficient of variation of 94. 5% have a relatively high variation in studied area. Wind erosion is significantly affected by SOIL physical PROPERTIES, including mean weight diameter, the percent of the size classes 2-4. 75, 1. 7-2 and 0. 1-0. 25 mm of SOIL secondary particles (P<0. 001). Based on the results, the erodible fraction (secondary particles smaller than 0. 85 mm) had the most appropriate relationship with SOIL wind erodibility (R2= 0. 75, P<0. 001) and by increasing it, the SOIL wind erodibility increased exponentially. Considering the less costly and time-consuming in measuring erodible fraction and also less costly and time-consuming compared with measurement of SOIL wind erodibility in the field and wind tunnel, this index can be used as a part of SOIL factor in wind erosion prediction models such as WEQ and RWEQ in the studied area...

Background and objectives: Sustainable development and food security rely heavily on the preservation and restoration of natural areas. SOIL health is fundamental for rangeland ecosystem function, and land management practices significantly impact its quality and productivity. Rangeland restoration practices and exclosures have been widely implemented to improve vegetation cover and SOIL health. This study investigates the effects of different rangeland management practices on key SOIL physicochemical and biological PROPERTIES in the Khamesan representative watershed, Kurdistan province, Iran. Methodology: The Khamesan watershed (4193 ha), located 35 km from Kamyaran city, was selected for the study. Three management regimes were evaluated: restored rangelands (mechanical and biological operations since 2006), exclosures (established in 2007), and livestock grazing areas. Within each management area, three homogenous sites with similar physiographic characteristics were chosen. Five SOIL profiles were sampled at each site (one central and four surrounding) from a depth of 0-30 cm. Analyzed SOIL PROPERTIES included bulk density, texture (silt, clay), porosity, average particle diameter, electrical conductivity, pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, organic carbon, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, basal respiration, stimulated respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and microbial metabolic coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software. Results: Management practices significantly influenced SOIL physicochemical and biological PROPERTIES. Notably, restoration and exclosure treatments impacted SOIL texture (silt and clay percentage), bulk density, porosity, average particle diameter, organic carbon, phosphorus, SOIL carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, basal respiration, stimulated respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and microbial metabolic coefficient. Biological indicators were more sensitive to management interventions compared to other SOIL PROPERTIES. The highest basal respiration (0.93 mgCO₂g⁻¹dm²h⁻¹) was observed in the grazed area, while the lowest (0.57 mgCO₂g⁻¹dm²h⁻¹) occurred in the restored area. Similarly, bulk density was highest (1.69 g/cm³) in the grazed area and lowest (1.57 g/cm³) in the restored area. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was also higher in restored pastures (12.18) compared to grazed areas (6.91). Conclusion: Healthy SOIL is essential for ecosystem life support, including vegetation and biodiversity. Rangelands are often subjected to prolonged overgrazing, necessitating management interventions to improve protection levels. Our findings indicate that biological indicators are more sensitive to management practices and environmental changes than other SOIL PROPERTIES, making them valuable tools for assessing SOIL health in rangeland ecosystems. Restoration practices and proper management enhance vegetation cover, promote SOIL aggregation and structure, increase carbon input, and stimulate SOIL microbial populations, ultimately improving SOIL health and quality. This study demonstrates the positive impacts of restoration operations and exclosures on SOIL improvement in the Khamesan watershed.